Data for Figure 10.19 from Chapter 10 of the Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Figure 10.19 shows changes in the Indian summer monsoon in the historical and future periods. --------------------------------------------------- How to cite this dataset --------------------------------------------------- When citing this dataset, please include both the data citation below (under 'Citable as') and the following citation for the report component from which the figure originates: Doblas-Reyes, F.J., A.A. Sörensson, M. Almazroui, A. Dosio, W.J. Gutowski, R. Haarsma, R. Hamdi, B. Hewitson, W.-T. Kwon, B.L. Lamptey, D. Maraun, T.S. Stephenson, I. Takayabu, L. Terray, A. Turner, and Z. Zuo, 2021: Linking Global to Regional Climate Change. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1363–1512, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.012. --------------------------------------------------- Figure subpanels --------------------------------------------------- The figure has 6 subpanels. Data for all subpanels is provided. --------------------------------------------------- List of data provided --------------------------------------------------- The dataset contains: APHRODITE station density for June-September (JJAS) 1956 Precipitation June-September (JJAS): - Model mean bias 1985-2010 - Observed and modelled trends: CRU TS 1950-2000, CMIP6 hist-GHG & hist-aer 1950-2000, and CMIP6 SSP5-8.5 2015-2100 trends - Observed and model relative anomalies over 1950-2100 with respect to 1995-2014 averages over central India (lon: 76°E-87°E, lat: 20°N-28°N) - Modelled change until 2081‒2100 with respect to 1995-2014 averages over central India (lon: 76°E-87°E, lat: 20°N-28°N) - Trends in relative precipitation anomalies (baseline 1995-2014) over past (1950-2000) and future (2015-2100) period over central India (lon: 76°E-87°E, lat: 20°N-28°N). - Trend difference between the 3 MPI-ESM runs with the lowest and the 3 MPI-ESM runs with the highest trend --------------------------------------------------- Data provided in relation to figure --------------------------------------------------- Panel (a): APHRODITE station density for JJAS 1956: - Data file: Fig_10_19_panel-a_mapplot_APHRODITE_stationdensity_single_mean.nc Panel (b): CMIP6 mean precipitation bias June-September mean 1985-2010 mean with respect to CRU TS: - Data file: Fig_10_19_panel-b_mapplot_pr_cmip6_bias_pr_cmip6_maps_past_bias_MultiModelMean_bias.nc Panel (c): OLS linear precipitation for June-September mean trend of CRU TS 1950-2000 (top left), CMIP6 hist-GHG (bottom left) & hist-aer (bottom right) 1950-2000, and CMIP6 SSP5-8.5 2015-2100 (top right): - Data files: Fig_10_19_panel-c_mapplot_pr_cmip6_mean_trend_future_pr_cmip6_maps_trend_future_MultiModelMean_trend.nc, Fig_10_19_panel-c_mapplot_pr_histaer_mean_trend_past_pr_aer_maps_trend_past_MultiModelMean_trend.nc, Fig_10_19_panel-c_mapplot_pr_histghg_mean_trend_past_pr_ghg_maps_trend_past_MultiModelMean_trend.nc, Fig_10_19_panel-c_mapplot_pr_obs_mean_trend_past_CRU_single_trend.nc; Panel (d): Observed and model relative precipitation June-September mean anomalies over 1950-2100 in respect to 1995-2014 averages over central India (lon: 76°E-87°E, lat: 20°N-28°N) (CRU TS (brown), GPCC (dark blue), REGEN (green), APHRO-MA (light brown), IITM all-India rainfall (light blue), CMIP6 hist all-forcings sample corresponding to DAMIP experiments (pink), CMIP6 hist-aer (grey), hist-GHG (light blue) CMIP6 historical/SSP5-8.5 (dark red) and CMIP5 historical/RCP8.5 (dark blue) and Modelled change until 2081‒2100 in respect to 1995-2014 averages over central India (CMIP6 SSP5-8.5 (dark red) and CMIP5 historical/RCP8.5 (dark blue)): - Data files: Fig_10_19_panel-d_timeseries.csv, Fig_10_19_panel-d_boxplot.csv Panel (e): OLS linear trends in relative precipitation June-September mean anomalies (baseline 1995-2014) over past (1950-2000) and future (2015-2100) period over central India (lon: 76°E-87°E, lat: 20°N-28°N) of observations (GPCC, CRU TS, REGEN and APRHO-MA: black crosses) and models (individual members of CMIP5 historical-RCP8.5 (blue), CMIP6 historical-SSP5-8.5 (dark red), CMIP6 hist all-forcings sample corresponding to DAMIP experiments (pink circles), CMIP6 hist-GHG (blue triangles), CMIP6 hist-aer (grey triangles)), and box-and-whisker plots for the SMILEs: MIROC6, CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, MPI-ESM, d4PDF (grey shading): - Data file: Fig_10_19_panel-e_trends.csv Panel (f): June-September mean 2016-2045 OLS linear trend difference in precipitation between the 3 MPI-ESM runs with the lowest and the 3 MPI-ESM runs with the highest trend: - Data file: Fig_10_19_panel-f_mapplot_pr_mpige_mean_trend_future_spread_single_trend-difference-min3-max3.nc Acronyms: CMIP - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, APHRODITE - ASIAN PRECIPITATION - HIGHLY-RESOLVED OBSERVATIONAL DATA INTEGRATION TOWARDS EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES, CRU TS- Climatic Research Unit Time Series, GHG - Greenhouse gas, IITM - Indian Institute of Technology Madras, RCP - Representative Concentration Pathway, DAIMP - Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project, SSP - Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, GPCC - GLOBAL PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY CENTRE, REGEN - Rainfall Estimates on a Gridded Network, S MILEs -single model initial-condition large ensembles, d4PDF - Database for Policy Decision-Making for Future Climate Change, MIROC - Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, MPI - Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, ESM - Earth System Model, Cordex – Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment, OLS - ordinary least squares regression. --------------------------------------------------- Notes on reproducing the figure from the provided data --------------------------------------------------- The code for ESMValTool is provided. --------------------------------------------------- Sources of additional information --------------------------------------------------- The following weblinks are provided in the Related Documents section of this catalogue record: - Link to the figure on the IPCC AR6 website - Link to the report component containing the figure (Chapter 10) - Link to the Supplementary Material for Chapter 10, which contains details on the input data used in Table 10.SM.11 - Link to the code for the figure, archived on Zenodo.

The ESA Ocean Colour CCI project has produced global, level 3, binned multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies. This dataset contains the Version 5.0 Remote Sensing Reflectance product on a sinusoidal projection at approximately 4 km spatial resolution and at a number of time resolutions (daily, 5-day, 8-day and monthly composites) covering the period 1997 - 2020. Values for remote sensing reflectance at the sea surface are provided for the standard SeaWiFS wavelengths (412, 443, 490, 510, 555, 670nm) with pixel-by-pixel uncertainty estimates for each wavelength. These are merged products based on SeaWiFS, MERIS and Aqua-MODIS data. Note, these data are also contained within the 'All Products' dataset. This data product is on a sinusoidal equal-area grid projection, matching the NASA standard level 3 binned projection. The default number of latitude rows is 4320, which results in a vertical bin cell size of approximately 4 km. The number of longitude columns varies according to the latitude, which permits the equal area property. Unlike the NASA format, where the bin cells that do not contain any data are omitted, the CCI format retains all cells and simply marks empty cells with a NetCDF fill value. (A separate dataset is also available for data on a geographic projection). Please note, data from December 2020 onwards are affected by an anomaly discovered after production and resulting in a spurious jump in remote sensing reflectance. The anomaly has been corrected in the version 5.0.1 of the dataset available through the Copernicus Climate Change Service (https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.f85b319d) Version 6.0 of this data is now also available here: https://doi.org/10.5285/5011d22aae5a4671b0cbc7d05c56c4f0

The European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Temperature project (ESA SST_cci) has accurately determined the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to a quality suitable for climate research. This GHRSST (Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature) Multi-Product Ensemble (GMPE) dataset was produced by the ESA SST_cci project to facilitate comparison of its own spatially complete analyses with other level 4 SST analysis products. It provides the median and standard deviation of the ensemble of input analyses, differences between the individual analyses and the median, and gradients in the input data and the median. The outputs are provided on a 0.25˚ regular latitude-longitude grid. The product extends from 1 September 1981 to 31 December 2016. The product was generated using the following inputs: ESA SST_cci Analysis version 2.0; ESA SST_cci Analysis version 1.1; E.U. Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) SST information (the Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) Reprocessing); National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Optimal Interpolation (OI) Global Blended SST Analysis; Canada Meteorological Center (CMC) 0.2-degree Global Foundation SST Analysis; Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST) Analysis version 2.2.0.0 (10 realisations); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Merged satellite and in-situ Data Global Daily SST (MGDSST) Analysis. Full details of the data used to generate this product are provided in the associated documentation.

WCRP CMIP5: The CNRM-CERFACS team CNRM-CM5 model output for the Historical Extension (historicalExt) experiment. These data cover the following realms: atmos, land, landIce, ocean and seaIce; at the following frequencies: day, fx and mon. The runs included the ensemble members: r0i0p0, r10i1p1, r1i1p1, r2i1p1, r3i1p1, r4i1p1, r5i1p1, r6i1p1, r7i1p1, r8i1p1 and r9i1p1. The WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5). The CNRM-CERFACS team consisted of the following agencies: Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques (CNRM) and Centre Europeen de Recherche et Formation Avancees en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS).

WCRP CMIP5: The NSF-DOE-NCAR team CESM1-BGC model output for the historical experiment. These data cover the following realms: atmos, land, landIce, ocean, ocnBgchem and seaIce; at the following frequencies: day, fx, mon and yr. The runs included the ensemble members: r0i0p0 and r1i1p1. The WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5). The NSF-DOE-NCAR team consisted of the following agencies: National Science Foundation (NSF) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).

WCRP CMIP5: Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) MPI-ESM-MR model output for the Control SST Climatology (sstClim) experiment. These data cover the following realms: atmos, land and landIce; at the following frequencies: day, fx, mon and monClim. The runs included the ensemble members: r0i0p0 and r1i1p1. The WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

Accumulated forecast parameters on a reduced N256 Gaussian grid from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) ERA-Interim programme. The ERA-Interim global atmospheric reanalysis of the covers 1979 to August 2019. This follows on from the ERA-15 and ERA-40 re-analysis projects. This subset of the ERA-Interim dataset contains 14 parameters on 60 model levels covering clear sky long and short wave radiation, up- and down-draft parameters, total precipitation, temperature and humidity tendencies, turbulent diffusion coefficient for heat, zonal and meridional wind tendencies.

Radiosonde data from balloon flights from the Aberporth airfield made available for comparison with data from Natural Environment Research Council's (NERC) Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) Radar Facility, Capel Dewi, near Aberystwyth in West Wales. Data are ASCII formatted, containing height in km, wind speed and direction, temperature and dew-point temperature. A more complete set of high resolution radiosonde data are available in the Met Office High Resolution Radiosonde dataset.

Airborne atmospheric measurements from core instrument suite data on board the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft collected for ACRUISE : Atmospheric Composition and Radiative forcing changes due to UN International Ship Emissions regulations (ACRUISE) (ACRUISE-2) project.

Airborne atmospheric measurements from core and non-core instrument suites data on board the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft during flight 11 for Co-ordinated Airborne Studies in the Tropics (CAST) project.